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How We Teach, How Students Learn

Our Philsophy of Education

Education transfers the collective knowledge of the human race to the next generation for the continuing exaltation of God’s glory. Since this happens in infinite ways over an entire lifetime, we believe the school’s primary goal is to intentionally teach students how to love learning, how to evaluate new ideas logically (and ultimately, independently), and to effectively express their understanding to others.

We want our students to think, not merely respond with packaged answers; therefore we ask that over time, as students reach the rhetoric level, they show that they have wrestled with the great ideas of Scripture, literature, politics, history and philosophy in explaining their own apologetic.

By integrating all topics, we are teaching our students to recognize that all truth and beauty—whether in the logic of geometry, the simplicity of an argument, the harmonic weaving of a symphony, the color hues blended in a painting, or the rhyme scheme of a poet—reflect the nature of God; He interconnected His creation, and Truth beams out of a chemistry equation with as much beauty as from the symmetrical capitals atop Greek columns.

Because we are made in His image, we have an instinctive yearning for beauty and curiosity for truth, but because ‘culture’ also includes depravity in the arts, we teach students to depend on the Gospel to filter their perception of all great ideas—God’s goodness cannot be sequestered in a culturative vacuum. The Gospel puts clear parameters on what is divinely good as opposed to merely culturally great.

Our goal, then, is to train students to find joy in what is good, and prepare them to correct  what is wrong, with the grace of God.

“The end then of learning is to repair the ruins of our first parents by regaining to know God aright and out of that knowledge to love Him, to imitate Him, to be like Him, as we may the nearest by possessing our souls of true virtue, which being united to the heavenly grace of faith makes up the highest perfection.”

John Milton

What to Expect at Home and in the Classroom

Lessons begin at home with student preparation in the form of reading, research and family discussions. Students then come to the classroom prepared for lively discussions, where older students hone their logic and argumentation skills, younger students demonstrate what they’ve learned and all display projects relevant to the lesson’s objective.

Each day on campus we spend the majority of class time in discussion and group work.

We suggest that you begin your ‘school-week” on the day immediately after your campus meets.

Socratic Discussion

Eight Forms of Instruction

All campuses have intensive ‘core’ (Culturative History and English) classes followed by four days of individual or small group studies and life applications. In all of these classes, we use eight different forms of instruction:

Socratic Discussion

A distinctive of Paideia methodology is Socratic Discussion.  Class participation in most subjects depends on students’ outside preparation for these debates through reading and research. Therefore, the first priority in homework is the assigned reading. Skipping this step is not an option for any student, although the reading may be adapted for individual needs (see permissible alterations in Adaptations and Modifications under "Evaluation" tab). Sometimes the reading is accomplished in small study groups. We expect all students to participate in class discussions and to take notes—and we will explain how to do so efficiently and accurately using an array of graphic organizers.

Coursebook

Each student is expected to keep Culturative History and English assignments organized in a coursebook (three ring binder) each quarter. The materials are integrated into one large 3” notebook for the entire year’s  work. 

Coursebooks  provide:

  •  a portfolio of student’s accomplishments
  •  a method of yearly review
  •  an opportunity for students to organize incorporated material

 The student chooses a minimum of 25 items from Culturative History and English for each quarter.

Parent’s responsibility:  send a signed paper at the end of each quarter stating they have 25 items; A deduction for each item under 25 will result in lowering the assessment from an “E” to a lower score.

Occasionally coursebooks will be acceptable to use for open book/take home tests

Extra assignments/field trip information can be placed in section where it applies or in a section for additional assignments

Grade will count once on Culturative History grade sheet  each quarter

The goal of keeping a coursebook is not only to have a record of the student’s work (which will serve as a portfolio for university entrance requirements), but also to be a learning resource and reference throughout the year. A coursebook often becomes a valued possession that some students take away to college.

Timelines

Culturative History also requires students to create and bring a detailed timeline that visually shows the panorama  of history unfolding. Each student should keep his timeline handy in class to use as a reference.

The timeline may be kept in a binder, on connected sheets of paper, or even in a computer generated calendar. Different periods of history will warrant varying spans of years on a page. The Culturative History homework charts explain what dates (and pictures or drawings when available) should be added each week. Topics may be color-coded based upon their area of history. Students may use colored sections on their page or use colored highlighters to mark the individual dates.

  • Events/People black and white
  • Arts blue
  • Music yellow
  • Architecture green
  • Science red
  • Religion purple
  • Literature orange
  • Politics/Political Actions pink
Projects

Throughout the year students have the opportunity to build models, produce video re-enactments, dress in authentic costumes, recite memorized monologues, and create art projects like salt dough maps or dioramas as part of creative self expression that solidifies learning and makes a memorable experience, as well as allowing for public speaking practice. Each grammar and dialectic student needs a simple, inexpensive, generic costume depicting the major era being studied. For example, in Year One students need a Biblical 'robe' type costume; Year Two requires a Roman and/or medieval outfit; Year Three requires an early American costume; Year Four will use 20th Century outfits.

Of particular significance, however, are the major projects called  Convocation” (for E2 through Upper Rhetoric)  and “40 Hour Projects” (for C, D and E only). Students present these projects orally and must include a visual aid that is illustrative of what they discovered in their research. In these presentations we see a student’s individuality, tastes and talents emerge.

Paideia-Wide Projects

Each year we produce a PAideia-wide (all-campuses together)  Simulation Day where we recreate the culture studied. In past years we have constructed a Tabernacle, a cathedral, and a log cabin village. We include all aspects of the culture: expect food, music, dancing, poetry, period costumes, and fun.

Field Trips

Field trips are also school-wide projects. During Week 8 each year we set aside regular classes and take advantage of the many outside learning opportunities the “real world” offers. All PAideia students are required to wear uniforms on field trips.

In addition to local trips, each year we provide the opportunity to travel and study abroad during I-Term. For example; Rome, the heart of Year Two’s studies, was our European Tour destination in the spring of 2011. Be watching for deadlines and information for this year's trip.

Movies and Movie Day

Whether for good or bad, Hollywood has profoundly influenced our culture’s perception of history. We use movies to help students recognize the influence of the arts and see the flow of events.  Movies are assigned each quarter, and students fill in a questionnaire as they watch. We encourage families and study groups to watch together, and then discuss the questions

Each year we plan a movie day marathon. At this event the goal is different: we deduce the world view that the producer is promoting and go on to study the way he communicates his message through camera angles, music, lighting, suspense, and dialogue.

Study Groups

Families are strongly encouraged to join forces with other PAideia families in weekly parent-led study groups.  In study groups, students may work on assignments together, talk through discussion questions, pray, memorize the week’s Scripture, edit each other’s compositions, practice with vocabulary flash cards, watch an assigned movie, have spelling bees, work together on visual aids for upcoming presentations— or just about anything the moms-in-charge can come up with. How, where, when, and with whom you meet is entirely up to you. Each parent should take a role in the study group - this should not be considered a "drop-off" type of activity. The Campus Communicator can assist you in finding families that live close to your home.

Study Guides

Most weeks of the school year students will be working through a study guide either in Culturative History, English, or both. All study guides relate to literature, but the objectives are different between the two approaches. Study guides in history focus on the aspects of the culture or the historical period covered; English study guides examine the literary aspects of the work: plot, symbolism, character development, and so forth. History study guides are blue, and English study guides are red.

Most vocabulary and journal assignments also come out of study guides.

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Web Resources

The data retrieval charts, maps, checklists, parent discussion questions, worksheets, graphic organizers, diagrams, matrices and rubrics, and links to other sites that students and parents need are posted on the website under “Class Materials.” Some materials are standard throughout the year (for example, the Proofreading Checklist) and some are just for specific weeks. Look ahead. Be sure your student has all of his necessary printouts in his notebook the day before class meets. (Having everything printed before study group is helpful, also.)

Tests and Evaluations

We see evaluation tools as an additional way for students to synthesize knowledge. Some tests are given at home, and some in class. English classes give extensive instruction in how to take essay tests. For further information see the tab, "Evaluations."

Grammar Stage Classes

PAideia's classical approach to family-directed education begins with our youngest students. At the introductory level we focus heavily on reading and writing and integrate opportunities for comprehension, handwriting, and reading into every subject.

We use Reading Reflex: The Foolproof Phono-Graphix Method for Teaching Your Child to Read to teach our beginning readers.  During Bible time we learn Scripture verses, act out scenes, and create various art projects.

All grammar level students memorize Latin words and their meanings, as well as Latin prayers and hymns. Latin is a foundational language and youngsters learn it easily; in fact, our novice scholars love Latin. For most, this is a favorite subject.

In history we discover the advancement of Western Civilization. We study the roots of Christianity through historic fiction, original source documents and the Scriptures. The emergence of the Christian church and the spread of the gospel throughout all of Europe and the known world are studied through exploration, art, music and architecture. Children are totally immersed in the study of history; even our art projects coincide with the civilizations we are studying.

Science studies cover the general subjects such as volcanoes, plant and animal life, the human body, learning about famous Christian scientists and many more exciting topics. Each week we work on our physical bodies as well as our mental health. In Physical Education, children learn different sports as well as exercise techniques such as sit-ups, push-ups, and jogging.

Grammar homework is posted on our website by subject, so each student can continue classical education at home.

Preschool

It is the goal of the PAideia Preschool Program to foster in young children a love of learning and to build a solid foundation for future academic learning. We seek to accomplish this by providing a balance of age-appropriate activities using Before Five in a Row and Five in a Row by Jane Clare Lambert.

Our pattern comes from the biblical perspective in Luke 2:25: “And Jesus increased in wisdom (mental), in stature (physical), and in favor with God (spiritual), and man (social and emotional).”

For those children ready for more preparatory academic learning we also include Phono-Graphix approach to “sound pictures” (letters).

PAideia treasures young children, and we also understand the challenge preschoolers present to the time requirements of older siblings. For this reason, we have training and support for moms who find themselves simultaneously in two seasons of life.

Lower Grammar (LGR) E1: Beginning Readers

E1 launches non-reading or newly reading students on their road to reading. We use the Phono-Graphix approach to reading and spelling, integrating both skills into each subject. Each lesson incorporates handwriting, Latin, history, geography, humanities, biology, and Bible. The students enjoy improving their dexterity and hand eye coordination with activities such as cutting and pasting, exercising, role-play, learning games, and other multi-sensory activities. As we study history through art and verse it is our hope that the students will develop a zeal for learning, reading and seeking knowledge.

Lower Grammar (LGR) E2: Emergent Readers

E2 trains emerging readers. These students continue their skill development with Phono-Graphix reinforcement, but also begin grammar and writing.

The students learn the basic building blocks of grammar such as parts of speech and punctuation. These skills progress towards paragraph writing and outlining.

By the end of the school year, E2 students write a simple paper that incorporates their history and humanities studies.

Upper Grammar (UGR) E3: Fluent Readers

The workload of E3 requires fluent reading and familiarity with parts of speech and proper sentence structure. Students in this class focus heavily on writing and grammar, and are required to complete two writing projects in the school year.

Teachers grade E3 students using the same evaluative structure that Dialectic and Rhetoric teachers employ.

Upper Grammar (UGR) A: Beginning Writers

In order to enter this level a student must be a developed reader, be familiar with parts of speech and proper sentence structure. Grammar A focuses heavily on writing and grammar, and students complete two writing projects in the school year.

Teachers grade Grammar A students using the same evaluative structure that Dialectic and Rhetoric teachers employ.

The first years of schooling are called the “grammar stage” — not because you spend four years doing English, but because these are the years in which the building blocks for all other learning are laid, just as grammar is the foundation for language. In the elementary school years — what we commonly think of as grades one through four — the mind is ready to absorb information. Children at this age actually find memorization fun. So during this period, education involves not self-expression and self-discovery, but rather the learning of facts. Rules of phonics and spelling, rules of grammar, poems, the vocabulary of foreign languages, the stories of history and literature, descriptions of plants and animals and the human body, the facts of mathematics — the list goes on. This information makes up the “grammar,” or the basic building blocks, for the second stage of education.

~Susan Wise Bauer

Socratic Discussion: a well-defined  and carefully managed form of dialogue that pushes dialectic students to consider the ‘why’ and ‘how’ behind their assertions, and for rhetoric students, an analysis or synthesis of the material. A good leader does not correct misconceptions overtly, but through probing questions helps the student himself perceive false assumptions or define terms more accurately .

Coursebook: A 3 ring notebook compiled by each individual student consisting of all completed work, including charts, maps, class notes, tests and quizzes,  reports,  vocabulary, study questions, class notes, handouts, and so forth, all put into sheet protectors. (Always keep a supply of blank sheet  protectors at the back of the notebook.)

Timeline: A student-constructed book or file that spans the entire four-year history cycle. Students enter leaders in politics, religion, philosophy, the arts, art masterpieces, wars, inventions, and discoveries. Often our website will provide a picture or line drawing to include.

Student projects: A chance for students to creatively present what they have learned in their own research. The two most important student projects are Convocation and the “40-Hour project.” Projects are usually given orally in front of a group and contain a visual aid component. 

Convocation: A major presentation on a Culturative History topic presented by a small group to the entire campus. Visual aids are required.

40 Hour Project: An extensive  research project for older students that begins with a hypothesis, refines the topic through investigation, and culminates in an oral presentation.

Study Groups: Mom-directed regular meetings for the purpose of focused work, collaboration, mutual assistance, and fellowship

Study Guide: a booklet produced by PACES Publishing that provides the lesson plan and necessary support materials for studying through an assigned work of literature

Web resources: materials needed for class or home assignments that are available to print from the pacesinfo.org website

“Opportunities”: students’ chance to show what they know, otherwise known as tests and quizzes

PACES and the PAideia Classical Education Program do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national or ethnic
origin, or sex in the administration of its policies, admissions, financial aid, and other school-directed programs.